Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models

要約

言語モデルは、規模の増加に伴う量的な改善と新しい質的な機能の両方を実証します。
変革をもたらす可能性のある影響にもかかわらず、これらの新しい機能はまだ十分に特徴付けられていません。
将来の研究に情報を提供し、破壊的な新しいモデル機能に備え、社会的悪影響を軽減するには、現在および近い将来の言語モデルの機能と限界を理解することが重要です。
この課題に対処するために、Beyond the Imitation Game ベンチマーク (BIG ベンチ) を導入します。
BIG-bench は現在 204 のタスクで構成されており、132 機関の 450 人の著者が寄稿しています。
タスクのトピックは多岐にわたり、言語学、幼児期の発達、数学、常識的推論、生物学、物理学、社会的偏見、ソフトウェア開発などから問題を描きます。
BIG-bench は、現在の言語モデルの能力を超えていると考えられるタスクに焦点を当てています。
OpenAI の GPT モデル、Google 内部のデンス トランスフォーマー アーキテクチャ、およびスイッチ スタイルのスパース トランスフォーマーの動作を、数百万から数千億のパラメータにわたるモデル サイズにわたって BIG ベンチで評価します。
さらに、強力なベースラインを提供するために、人間の専門評価者のチームがすべてのタスクを実行しました。
調査結果には次のものが含まれます。モデルのパフォーマンスとキャリブレーションはどちらもスケールに応じて向上しますが、絶対的な観点で (評価者のパフォーマンスと比較すると) 劣っています。
パフォーマンスはモデル クラス間で驚くほど似ていますが、スパース性による利点があります。
徐々にかつ予測通りに改善するタスクには、通常、大規模な知識や暗記コンポーネントが含まれますが、重要なスケールで「画期的な」動作を示すタスクには、多くの場合、複数のステップやコンポーネント、または脆弱な指標が含まれます。
社会的偏見は通常、状況が曖昧な環境では規模が大きくなるにつれて増加しますが、これはプロンプトを提示することで改善できます。

要約(オリジナル)

Language models demonstrate both quantitative improvement and new qualitative capabilities with increasing scale. Despite their potentially transformative impact, these new capabilities are as yet poorly characterized. In order to inform future research, prepare for disruptive new model capabilities, and ameliorate socially harmful effects, it is vital that we understand the present and near-future capabilities and limitations of language models. To address this challenge, we introduce the Beyond the Imitation Game benchmark (BIG-bench). BIG-bench currently consists of 204 tasks, contributed by 450 authors across 132 institutions. Task topics are diverse, drawing problems from linguistics, childhood development, math, common-sense reasoning, biology, physics, social bias, software development, and beyond. BIG-bench focuses on tasks that are believed to be beyond the capabilities of current language models. We evaluate the behavior of OpenAI’s GPT models, Google-internal dense transformer architectures, and Switch-style sparse transformers on BIG-bench, across model sizes spanning millions to hundreds of billions of parameters. In addition, a team of human expert raters performed all tasks in order to provide a strong baseline. Findings include: model performance and calibration both improve with scale, but are poor in absolute terms (and when compared with rater performance); performance is remarkably similar across model classes, though with benefits from sparsity; tasks that improve gradually and predictably commonly involve a large knowledge or memorization component, whereas tasks that exhibit ‘breakthrough’ behavior at a critical scale often involve multiple steps or components, or brittle metrics; social bias typically increases with scale in settings with ambiguous context, but this can be improved with prompting.

arxiv情報

著者 Aarohi Srivastava,Abhinav Rastogi,Abhishek Rao,Abu Awal Md Shoeb,Abubakar Abid,Adam Fisch,Adam R. Brown,Adam Santoro,Aditya Gupta,Adrià Garriga-Alonso,Agnieszka Kluska,Aitor Lewkowycz,Akshat Agarwal,Alethea Power,Alex Ray,Alex Warstadt,Alexander W. Kocurek,Ali Safaya,Ali Tazarv,Alice Xiang,Alicia Parrish,Allen Nie,Aman Hussain,Amanda Askell,Amanda Dsouza,Ambrose Slone,Ameet Rahane,Anantharaman S. Iyer,Anders Andreassen,Andrea Madotto,Andrea Santilli,Andreas Stuhlmüller,Andrew Dai,Andrew La,Andrew Lampinen,Andy Zou,Angela Jiang,Angelica Chen,Anh Vuong,Animesh Gupta,Anna Gottardi,Antonio Norelli,Anu Venkatesh,Arash Gholamidavoodi,Arfa Tabassum,Arul Menezes,Arun Kirubarajan,Asher Mullokandov,Ashish Sabharwal,Austin Herrick,Avia Efrat,Aykut Erdem,Ayla Karakaş,B. Ryan Roberts,Bao Sheng Loe,Barret Zoph,Bartłomiej Bojanowski,Batuhan Özyurt,Behnam Hedayatnia,Behnam Neyshabur,Benjamin Inden,Benno Stein,Berk Ekmekci,Bill Yuchen Lin,Blake Howald,Bryan Orinion,Cameron Diao,Cameron Dour,Catherine Stinson,Cedrick Argueta,César Ferri Ramírez,Chandan Singh,Charles Rathkopf,Chenlin Meng,Chitta Baral,Chiyu Wu,Chris Callison-Burch,Chris Waites,Christian Voigt,Christopher D. Manning,Christopher Potts,Cindy Ramirez,Clara E. Rivera,Clemencia Siro,Colin Raffel,Courtney Ashcraft,Cristina Garbacea,Damien Sileo,Dan Garrette,Dan Hendrycks,Dan Kilman,Dan Roth,Daniel Freeman,Daniel Khashabi,Daniel Levy,Daniel Moseguí González,Danielle Perszyk,Danny Hernandez,Danqi Chen,Daphne Ippolito,Dar Gilboa,David Dohan,David Drakard,David Jurgens,Debajyoti Datta,Deep Ganguli,Denis Emelin,Denis Kleyko,Deniz Yuret,Derek Chen,Derek Tam,Dieuwke Hupkes,Diganta Misra,Dilyar Buzan,Dimitri Coelho Mollo,Diyi Yang,Dong-Ho Lee,Dylan Schrader,Ekaterina Shutova,Ekin Dogus Cubuk,Elad Segal,Eleanor Hagerman,Elizabeth Barnes,Elizabeth Donoway,Ellie Pavlick,Emanuele Rodola,Emma Lam,Eric Chu,Eric Tang,Erkut Erdem,Ernie Chang,Ethan A. Chi,Ethan Dyer,Ethan Jerzak,Ethan Kim,Eunice Engefu Manyasi,Evgenii Zheltonozhskii,Fanyue Xia,Fatemeh Siar,Fernando Martínez-Plumed,Francesca Happé,Francois Chollet,Frieda Rong,Gaurav Mishra,Genta Indra Winata,Gerard de Melo,Germán Kruszewski,Giambattista Parascandolo,Giorgio Mariani,Gloria Wang,Gonzalo Jaimovitch-López,Gregor Betz,Guy Gur-Ari,Hana Galijasevic,Hannah Kim,Hannah Rashkin,Hannaneh Hajishirzi,Harsh Mehta,Hayden Bogar,Henry Shevlin,Hinrich Schütze,Hiromu Yakura,Hongming Zhang,Hugh Mee Wong,Ian Ng,Isaac Noble,Jaap Jumelet,Jack Geissinger,Jackson Kernion,Jacob Hilton,Jaehoon Lee,Jaime Fernández Fisac,James B. Simon,James Koppel,James Zheng,James Zou,Jan Kocoń,Jana Thompson,Janelle Wingfield,Jared Kaplan,Jarema Radom,Jascha Sohl-Dickstein,Jason Phang,Jason Wei,Jason Yosinski,Jekaterina Novikova,Jelle Bosscher,Jennifer Marsh,Jeremy Kim,Jeroen Taal,Jesse Engel,Jesujoba Alabi,Jiacheng Xu,Jiaming Song,Jillian Tang,Joan Waweru,John Burden,John Miller,John U. Balis,Jonathan Batchelder,Jonathan Berant,Jörg Frohberg,Jos Rozen,Jose Hernandez-Orallo,Joseph Boudeman,Joseph Guerr,Joseph Jones,Joshua B. Tenenbaum,Joshua S. Rule,Joyce Chua,Kamil Kanclerz,Karen Livescu,Karl Krauth,Karthik Gopalakrishnan,Katerina Ignatyeva,Katja Markert,Kaustubh D. Dhole,Kevin Gimpel,Kevin Omondi,Kory Mathewson,Kristen Chiafullo,Ksenia Shkaruta,Kumar Shridhar,Kyle McDonell,Kyle Richardson,Laria Reynolds,Leo Gao,Li Zhang,Liam Dugan,Lianhui Qin,Lidia Contreras-Ochando,Louis-Philippe Morency,Luca Moschella,Lucas Lam,Lucy Noble,Ludwig Schmidt,Luheng He,Luis Oliveros Colón,Luke Metz,Lütfi Kerem Şenel,Maarten Bosma,Maarten Sap,Maartje ter Hoeve,Maheen Farooqi,Manaal Faruqui,Mantas Mazeika,Marco Baturan,Marco Marelli,Marco Maru,Maria Jose Ramírez Quintana,Marie Tolkiehn,Mario Giulianelli,Martha Lewis,Martin Potthast,Matthew L. Leavitt,Matthias Hagen,Mátyás Schubert,Medina Orduna Baitemirova,Melody Arnaud,Melvin McElrath,Michael A. Yee,Michael Cohen,Michael Gu,Michael Ivanitskiy,Michael Starritt,Michael Strube,Michał Swędrowski,Michele Bevilacqua,Michihiro Yasunaga,Mihir Kale,Mike Cain,Mimee Xu,Mirac Suzgun,Mitch Walker,Mo Tiwari,Mohit Bansal,Moin Aminnaseri,Mor Geva,Mozhdeh Gheini,Mukund Varma T,Nanyun Peng,Nathan A. Chi,Nayeon Lee,Neta Gur-Ari Krakover,Nicholas Cameron,Nicholas Roberts,Nick Doiron,Nicole Martinez,Nikita Nangia,Niklas Deckers,Niklas Muennighoff,Nitish Shirish Keskar,Niveditha S. Iyer,Noah Constant,Noah Fiedel,Nuan Wen,Oliver Zhang,Omar Agha,Omar Elbaghdadi,Omer Levy,Owain Evans,Pablo Antonio Moreno Casares,Parth Doshi,Pascale Fung,Paul Pu Liang,Paul Vicol,Pegah Alipoormolabashi,Peiyuan Liao,Percy Liang,Peter Chang,Peter Eckersley,Phu Mon Htut,Pinyu Hwang,Piotr Miłkowski,Piyush Patil,Pouya Pezeshkpour,Priti Oli,Qiaozhu Mei,Qing Lyu,Qinlang Chen,Rabin Banjade,Rachel Etta Rudolph,Raefer Gabriel,Rahel Habacker,Ramon Risco,Raphaël Millière,Rhythm Garg,Richard Barnes,Rif A. Saurous,Riku Arakawa,Robbe Raymaekers,Robert Frank,Rohan Sikand,Roman Novak,Roman Sitelew,Ronan LeBras,Rosanne Liu,Rowan Jacobs,Rui Zhang,Ruslan Salakhutdinov,Ryan Chi,Ryan Lee,Ryan Stovall,Ryan Teehan,Rylan Yang,Sahib Singh,Saif M. Mohammad,Sajant Anand,Sam Dillavou,Sam Shleifer,Sam Wiseman,Samuel Gruetter,Samuel R. Bowman,Samuel S. Schoenholz,Sanghyun Han,Sanjeev Kwatra,Sarah A. Rous,Sarik Ghazarian,Sayan Ghosh,Sean Casey,Sebastian Bischoff,Sebastian Gehrmann,Sebastian Schuster,Sepideh Sadeghi,Shadi Hamdan,Sharon Zhou,Shashank Srivastava,Sherry Shi,Shikhar Singh,Shima Asaadi,Shixiang Shane Gu,Shubh Pachchigar,Shubham Toshniwal,Shyam Upadhyay,Shyamolima,Debnath,Siamak Shakeri,Simon Thormeyer,Simone Melzi,Siva Reddy,Sneha Priscilla Makini,Soo-Hwan Lee,Spencer Torene,Sriharsha Hatwar,Stanislas Dehaene,Stefan Divic,Stefano Ermon,Stella Biderman,Stephanie Lin,Stephen Prasad,Steven T. Piantadosi,Stuart M. Shieber,Summer Misherghi,Svetlana Kiritchenko,Swaroop Mishra,Tal Linzen,Tal Schuster,Tao Li,Tao Yu,Tariq Ali,Tatsu Hashimoto,Te-Lin Wu,Théo Desbordes,Theodore Rothschild,Thomas Phan,Tianle Wang,Tiberius Nkinyili,Timo Schick,Timofei Kornev,Titus Tunduny,Tobias Gerstenberg,Trenton Chang,Trishala Neeraj,Tushar Khot,Tyler Shultz,Uri Shaham,Vedant Misra,Vera Demberg,Victoria Nyamai,Vikas Raunak,Vinay Ramasesh,Vinay Uday Prabhu,Vishakh Padmakumar,Vivek Srikumar,William Fedus,William Saunders,William Zhang,Wout Vossen,Xiang Ren,Xiaoyu Tong,Xinran Zhao,Xinyi Wu,Xudong Shen,Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh,Yair Lakretz,Yangqiu Song,Yasaman Bahri,Yejin Choi,Yichi Yang,Yiding Hao,Yifu Chen,Yonatan Belinkov,Yu Hou,Yufang Hou,Yuntao Bai,Zachary Seid,Zhuoye Zhao,Zijian Wang,Zijie J. Wang,Zirui Wang,Ziyi Wu
発行日 2023-06-12 17:51:15+00:00
arxivサイト arxiv_id(pdf)

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カテゴリー: cs.AI, cs.CL, cs.CY, cs.LG, stat.ML パーマリンク